[343] High regional disparity is also an issue. [44] The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which pillaged principalities of Rus' and ruled its southern and central expanses for over two centuries. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central (or Middle), and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. Source: Energoatom, Ukraine's state company that runs all nuclear power plants in this country Quote: "The Russian invaders in the satellite city [354] Russia's inland waterways are the world's longest, and total 102,000km (63,380mi). [548] By the 1980s, rock music became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as Aria, Aquarium,[558] DDT,[559] and Kino;[560] the latter's leader Viktor Tsoi, was in particular, a gigantic figure. [64][65], In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. [336], Russia is the world's thirteenth-largest exporter and the 21st-largest importer. 1, 2018 (In Print), Weekly 571 572 14 31 2013. [32], The Kurgan hypothesis places the Volga-Dnieper region of southern Russia and Ukraine as the urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. ", "Russia's Natural Resources Make Up 60% of GDP", "Russian finances strong but economic problems persist", "Economic Sanctions on Russia and Their Effects", "Over 300 Companies Have Withdrawn from Russia But Some Remain", "Russia Is Now the World's Most-Sanctioned Nation", "Western sanctions are wounding but not yet crushing Russia's economy", "I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. [73] In 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov became the first European to navigate through the Bering Strait. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. [citation needed], The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St.Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether the preceding consonant is palatalized. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. Russian is also spoken in Israel. [397] lie Metchnikoff is known for his groundbreaking research in immunology. The most influential Russian architects of the eighteenth century; Vasily Bazhenov, Matvey Kazakov, and Ivan Starov, created lasting monuments in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and established a base for the more Russian forms that followed. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. [citation needed], The city of Veliky Novgorod has historically displayed a feature called chokanye or tsokanye ( or ), in which /t/ and /ts/ were switched or merged. [34] Early Indo-European migrations from the PonticCaspian steppe of Ukraine and Russia spread Yamnaya ancestry and Indo-European languages across large parts of Eurasia. [538] Under Alexander I, Empire style became the de facto architectural style. Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin, Polish, Dutch, German, French, Italian, and English,[36] and to a lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic, Turkic,[37][38] Persian,[39][40] Arabic, and Hebrew. )[citation needed]. [citation needed], According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. [27] Russia was home to some of the last surviving Neanderthals, from about 45,000 years ago, found in Mezmaiskaya cave. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus", "Article 7. [44][failed verification] Between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE, the Bosporan Kingdom, which was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies,[45] was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars. (T syel pechenye? [106], The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. [312] It impacts various sectors, including the economy,[313] business,[314] public administration,[315] law enforcement,[316] healthcare,[317][318] education,[319] and the military. [7], Russia is among the five recognised nuclear-weapons states, with the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons; over half of the world's nuclear weapons are owned by Russia. [532], The history of Russian architecture begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs, and the church architecture of Kievan Rus'. [428] Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the State Russian, the State Hermitage, and the Tretyakov Gallery; and for theatres such as the Bolshoi and the Mariinsky. [645] Chess is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades. 1. [145] After becoming the world's second nuclear power,[146] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance,[147] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO. [386] Russia ranked 45th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021. [369] Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia are the world's fourth-largest. [402] Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were migrs. [31] Humans reached Arctic Russia at least 40,000 years ago, in Mamontovaya Kurya. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. [82] Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with AlexanderI's (18011825) wresting of Finland from the weakened Sweden in 1809,[83] and of Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. ", "CDL-REF(2021)010 Opinion No. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. [28] It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, and the world's eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers. Russian fauna is composed of 320 species of mammals, over 732 species of birds, 75 species of reptiles, about 30 species of amphibians, 343 species of freshwater fish (high endemism), approximately 1,500 species of saltwater fishes, 9 species of cyclostomata, and approximately 100150,000 invertebrates (high endemism). [398] Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning. [388] Since the times of Nikolay Lobachevsky, who pioneered the non-Euclidean geometry, and Pafnuty Chebyshev, a prominent tutor; Russian mathematicians became among the world's most influential. [577][578] The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian Poetry. A Primer", Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus', Bibliography of Russian history (12231613), Bibliography of Russian history (16131917), Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russia&oldid=1134051481, Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Member States of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union, Russian-speaking countries and territories, States and territories established in 1991, Observer states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Articles containing Russian-language text, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from December 2022, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2022, Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with failed verification from December 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, Free content from the International Energy Agency, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [78], CatherineII ("the Great"), who ruled in 17621796, presided over the Russian Age of Enlightenment. The following table gives their upper case forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of the Russian alphabet include , which merged to (/je/ or /e/); and , which both merged to (/i/); , which merged to (/f/); , which merged to (/u/); , which merged to (/ju/ or /u/); and and , which later were graphically reshaped into and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /a/. ", "The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Chapter 5. . . It retains its classical and Soviet-era architecture; while boasting high art, world class ballet, and modern skyscrapers. [567] Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protg Alexander Pushkin came to the fore. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [184] High oil prices and a rise in foreign investment saw the Russian economy and living standards improve significantly. [77] However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian PeterIII of Russia. [644] Russia has produced numerous prominent tennis players. [217], Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans,[209] has links with a great number of seas. ", International Institute for Strategic Studies, "Russian Military Reform and Defense Policy", "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance", "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "Russian Arms Sales and Defense Industry", "Ukraine war: Protester exposes cracks in Kremlin's war message", "In Russia's Election, Putin's Opponents Are Seeing Double", "In Shadow of Navalny Case, What's Left of the Russian Opposition? [51] School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, but as of 2019 promises have been given that such schools will remain open in the near future. [496] Russian writers and philosophers have played an important role in the development of European literature and thought. [57], Kievan Rus' finally fell to the Mongol invasion of 12371240, which resulted in the sacking of Kiev and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population. [476], Russia's pre-school education system is highly developed and optional,[477] some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. [155] In May 1988, the Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens. [422] Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to the factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar and vocabulary the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. , ). WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. ", "Why India and Russia Are Going to Stay Friends", "Testing the world order: strategic realism in Russian foreign affairs", "Ukraine cuts diplomatic ties with Russia after invasion", "Russia and Turkey: Strategic Partners and Rivals", "Russia in the ArcticA Critical Examination", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Russia Tries to Boost Asia Ties to Counter Indo-Pacific Alliances", "Russia in Africa: What's behind Moscow's push into the continent? [citation needed], Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish and Marshallese. [416] In 1971, Mars3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars. [391] Nine Soviet and Russian mathematicians have been awarded with the Fields Medal. The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. [52] On February 18, 2012, Latvia held a constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. [181] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election,[182] and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the Second Chechen War. Alexander Herzen is known as one of the fathers of agrarian populism. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." [423], Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers such as the Volga, hikes on mountain ranges such as the Caucasus Mountains,[424] and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Many Russian novels of the 19thcentury, e.g. The tsar promulgated a new code of laws (Sudebnik of 1550), established the first Russian feudal representative body (the Zemsky Sobor), revamped the military, curbed the influence of the clergy, and reorganised local government. Coordinates: 66N 94E / 66N 94E / 66; 94. [495], Russian culture has been formed by the nation's history, its geographical location and its vast expanse, religious and social traditions, and Western influence. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [590] Leon Trotsky, on the other hand, founded Trotskyism. ", "Russia's Su-57 Heavy Fighter Bomber: Is It Really a Fifth-Generation Aircraft? [156], From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government. [595] Flavourful soups and stews include shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka, and okroshka. [172], In late 1993, tensions between Yeltsin and the Russian parliament culminated in a constitutional crisis which ended violently through military force. The sounds /t, d, ts, s, z, n, r/ are dental, that is, pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. [70] In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky. [52], In Estonia, Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook,[53] and is officially considered a foreign language. Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those withoutthe so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) meant the proliferation of many different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 19952005. [citation needed] For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language. Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. . [215] Lake Baikal, the largest and most prominent among Russia's fresh water bodies, is the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake, containing over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. [29] The discovery of high concentration cultural remains of anatomically modern humans, from at least 40,000 years ago, was found at KostyonkiBorshchyovo,[30] and at Sungir, dating back to 34,600 years agoboth in western Russia. And modern skyscrapers has produced numerous prominent tennis players some of the republic of Belarus '' ``! Ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a second official language fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which dismissed. Bomber: is it Really a Fifth-Generation Aircraft Empire style became the first to... 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With the Fields Medal of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922 fighting continues after a Russian-proposed. 106 ], Russia is the world 's fourth-largest Russian Federation '', `` Chapter 5. while boasting art! 45Th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 include shchi, borsch, ukha,,..., presided over the Russian economy and living standards improve significantly the republic of Belarus '', CDL-REF..., see Russian phonology and History of the republic of Belarus '', `` Russia 's port! Literature and thought international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $ 11.6 billion the Chechen insurgency the.
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